一株鸡新城疫病毒的分离鉴定及其油乳剂灭活苗免疫效果评价

从河南某种鸡场发病鸡群中分离出1株毒株,经HA、HI和动物回归试验,确定分离的病毒为NDV,命名为HNYD株。经过测定,HNYD株鸡胚半数致死量（ELD50）为10^90/0．1mL;鸡胚最小致死量的平均致死时间（MDT）为53．8h;对1日龄SPF雏鸡脑内致病指数（ICPI）为1．86,提示HNYD株为强毒力株。血清交叉反应试验显示HNYD株和La Sota株存在一定的抗原性差异。用HNYD株油乳剂灭活苗对HNYD株和La Sota株的保护率分别为90％和100％,明显优于La Sota株油乳剂灭活苗,提示HNYD株制备的疫苗对流行毒株和经典毒株的攻击均能很好的保护。     

Effect of feed type and essential oil product on equine chewing activity

The ingestive and post-digestion effect of a blend of special essential oil compounds (EO) on eating, chewing and faecal parameters were measured in horses. Ingestive effects appear after no adaptation. Post-digestion effects appear after adaptation. Six Icelandic horses were assigned to two groups in a Latin Square subplot design with EO treatments to four different roughage types and four different concentrates. The horses were fed four different roughage meals and two different concentrate meals on each of the four sampling days. Eating time and saliva were observed during meals. Jaw movements (JM) were recorded using a special chewing halter. Eating time was derived from JM and related to DM intake. The size characteristics of faecal particles were measured by using image analysis. All chewing characteristics measured were significantly affected by roughage (p < 0.001) and concentrate type (p < 0.01). EO had a significant ingestive effect on the frequency of observed saliva during concentrate meals. No significant (p < 0.05) post-digestive or ingestive effect of EO was found for any measured chewing characteristic, which was reflected in the absence of effect on faecal particle dimensions. In conclusion, effect of type of roughage and concentrate was more significant than potential effects of EO.     

Lack of prolonged activity of lavender essential oils as acaricides against the poultry red mite (Dermanyssusgallinae) under laboratory conditions

Managing the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer) by conventional means (i.e., synthetic acaricides) has become increasingly problematic. As a possible alternative, research has identified several plant essential oils that are toxic to D. gallinae. However, essential oils are highly volatile and any acaricidal effect they exert could be short-lived in practice.This study investigated the short-lived toxicity of six lavender essential oils to D. gallinae. In sealed Petri-dishes, mites were exposed to filter papers impregnated with essential oil at a concentration of 0.14 mg/cm³. When filter papers were used immediately after impregnation, 66–90% D. gallinae mortality was observed after 24 h, depending upon the essential oil used. If impregnated filter papers were left in a fume cupboard for 24 h prior to use, mortality rates of D.gallinae fell to 11% or less.     

大豆油不同添加水平对瘤胃体外发酵和产气的影响

本试验通过体外培养,研究在精粗比为30:70(偏粗型)日粮类型条件下,不同大豆油添加水平对产气量、甲烷产量、pH值和纤维降解率的影响.结果表明:随着大豆油添加水平的提高,产气量和甲烷产量逐渐降低,且各添加组显著低于对照组;pH值随着培养时间的延长,各添加水平在不同培养时间点与对照组相比均上升,其中添加量为4%和6%与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05),添加量为8%时,与对照组相比差异极显著(P<0.01);培养24 h后.纤维降解率的抑制潜力8%水平最大,与对照组相比差异极显著(P<0.01),其次是6%的添加水平.与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05).而2%和4%添加水平对纤维降解率的抑制程度与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05).通过产气量、pH值和纤维降解率综合考察大豆油对瘤胃体外发酵和产气的影响,本试验得出大豆油的最适添加量为4%.     

灵芝孢子粉中孢子油提取及生物活性的研究

采用超临界CO2萃取法提取灵芝孢子油,通过正交试验确定最佳萃取条件是：萃取压力、温度、时间分别为25MPa、45℃、60min,CO2流量25L／h,在此条件下出油率可达3.96％。灵芝孢子油具有清除NaNO2和DPPH（1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl）自由基的作用,并且其清除作用随孢子油用量的增加而增加。     

日粮添加油脂和出生类型对羔羊肌肉胶原蛋白特性及相关基因表达的影响

旨在研究日粮添加油脂和不同出生类型对羔羊肌肉胶原蛋白特性及相关基因表达的影响。本试验选取64只2月龄断奶双羔(twin born,TW;32只)和三羔(triplet born,TR;32只)湖羊公羔,分别饲喂基础日粮(control, CON)和添加2%大豆油(soybean oil,SBO)的日粮,采用2×2析因试验设计,分为4个处理(TW-CON,TW-SBO,TR-CON,TR-SBO),每个处理16个重复,每个重复1只羊。90 d后屠宰采集羔羊背最长肌,测定其胶原蛋白含量、相关酶活以及肌肉发育相关基因表达水平等。结果表明:1) TW组的Ⅰ型胶原蛋白含量显著高于TR组(P<0.05)。日粮添加油脂有提高可溶性胶原蛋白含量的趋势(0.050.05)。2)基质金属蛋白酶13(MMP-13)含量因日粮中油脂添加而显著下降(P<0.05),而吡啶诺林(PYD)和基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂(TIMP-1)则受日粮油脂添加和出生类型交互作用的显著影响(P<0.05)。3)MYOD1在双羔中表达水平显著高于三羔(P<0.05)。日粮油脂添加显著降低了FN1的相对表达水平(P<0.05),而FGF2和COL3A1的相对表达水平则表现出受日粮油脂添加和出生类型交互作用影响的趋势(0.050.05)。结果提示,双羔肌肉中胶原蛋白含量高于三羔,油脂有促进胶原蛋白含量增加的趋势,且日粮油脂和出生类型共同作用胶原蛋白代谢相关酶含量及基因的表达,进而影响肌肉中胶原蛋白的含量。     

饲粮中添加牛至精油和莫能菌素对荷斯坦犊牛血清生化指标、消化酶活性及瘤胃微生物区系的影响

旨在研究牛至精油（oregano essential oil,OEO）与莫能菌素（monensin,MON）对荷斯坦犊牛血清生化指标、消化酶活性以及瘤胃微生物区系的影响。本试验前期阶段选用了体重相近（（41.31±2.23）kg）,体况良好的荷斯坦初生犊牛80头,随机分为4组,每组20头,采用单栏饲养。对照组饲喂全脂牛乳和颗粒饲料,其他3个试验组在饲喂全脂牛乳和颗粒饲料的基础上分别添加4 g·kg^-1牛至精油、3.6 g·kg^-1莫能菌素和7.6 g·kg^-1牛至精油和莫能菌素的混合物,饲喂至56、70日龄时,从每组中选取6头体重相近的公犊,颈静脉采血测定血清指标,并通过口腔导管的形式采集犊牛的瘤胃液,检测消化酶活性以及瘤胃微生物区系。结果表明：1）添加牛至精油显著提高了56日龄犊牛血清中TP、SOD、GSH和GSH-Px的浓度（P ≤ 0.05）;莫能菌素对56、70日龄犊牛BUN浓度有降低的趋势（P<0.10）。2）牛至精油显著降低了56、70日龄犊牛瘤胃中产琥珀酸丝状杆菌的数量（P<0.05）,显著提高了白色瘤胃球菌的数量（P ≤ 0.05）;莫能菌素显著降低了56、70日龄犊牛瘤胃中原虫的数量（P ≤ 0.05）,并有降低白色瘤胃球菌数量的趋势（P<0.10）,在56日龄时,莫能菌素有降低犊牛瘤胃中黄色瘤胃球菌数量的趋势（P<0.10）;牛至精油和莫能菌素对56、70日龄犊牛瘤胃中溶纤维丁酸弧菌有显著的交互作用（P ≤ 0.05）;在56日龄时,牛至精油和莫能菌素对栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌有交互作用的趋势（P<0.10）,而在70日龄时则呈显著的交互作用（P ≤ 0.05）。3）牛至精油和莫能菌素对56、70日龄犊牛瘤胃中胃蛋白酶浓度有显著的交互作用（P ≤ 0.05）。综上所述,饲粮中添加牛至精油可提高犊牛的免疫力和抗氧化能力。莫能菌素在抑制瘤胃内原虫数量上强于牛至精油,牛至精油对提高主要蛋白质降解菌数量的作用效果优于莫能菌素。总之,牛至精油可改善犊牛的健康状况以及调控瘤胃微生物区系,牛至精油作为天然植物抗生素可替代犊牛期预防性治疗的其他类抗生素生长促进剂。     

Genetic parameters for semen production traits in Swiss dairy bulls

Variance components (VC) were estimated for the semen production trait ejaculate volume, sperm concentration and sperm motility in the Swiss cattle breeds Brown Swiss (BS), Original Braunvieh (OB), Holstein (HO), Red‐Factor‐Carrier (RF), Red Holstein (RH), Swiss Fleckvieh (SF) and Simmental (SI). For this purpose, semen production traits from 2,617 bulls with 124,492 records were used. The data were collected in the years 2000–2012. The model for genetic parameter estimation across all breeds included the fixed effects age of bull at collection, year of collection, month of collection, number of collection per bull and day, interval between consecutive collections, semen collector, bull breed as well as a random additive genetic component and a permanent environmental effect. The same model without a fixed breed effect was used to estimate VC and repeatabilities separately for each of the breeds BS, HO, RH, SF and SI. Estimated heritabilities across all breeds were 0.42, 0.25 and 0.09 for ejaculate volume, sperm concentration and sperm motility, respectively. Different heritabilities were estimated for ejaculate volume (0.42; 0.45; 0.49; 0.40; 0.10), sperm concentration (0.34; 0.30; 0.20; 0.07; 0.23) and number of semen portions (0.18; 0.30; 0.04; 0.14; 0.04) in BS, HO, RH, SF and SI breed, respectively. The phenotypic and genetic correlations across all breeds between ejaculate volume and sperm concentration were negative (?0.28; ?0.56). The other correlations across all breeds were positive. The phenotypic and genetic correlations were 0.01 and 0.19 between sperm motility and ejaculate volume, respectively. Between sperm motility and sperm concentration, the phenotypic and genetic correlations were 0.20 and 0.36, respectively. The results are consistent with other analyses and show that genetic improvement through selection is possible in bull semen production traits.     

Effect of dietary nutmeg oil on heat‐stress tolerance‐related parameters in Korean native chicken reared under hot temperature

This study investigated the effect of dietary nutmeg oil (NO) on growth performance, blood parameters, lipid peroxidation and heat shock protein (HSP) 70 expression in Korean native chicken (KNC) reared under hot temperature. We allocated 273 meat‐type KNCs (Hanhyup‐3, 4‐week‐old, body weight [BW] = 539.93 ± 1.75 g) to the following three treatments with seven replicate pens (13 birds/pen) per treatment. Three treatment diets were as follows: (a) Control, basal diet without NO supplementation; (b) NO 250; and (c) NO 500, basal diet supplemented with 250 and 500 ppm NO respectively. Diets and water were provided ad libitum throughout the 6‐week feeding trial. During overall period (0–6 weeks), no differences (p > 0.05) were observed in BW gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion rate (FCR) among treatments. However, the FI at 0–3 weeks decreased (p < 0.05) quadratically with increasing NO levels. Most blood parameters did not differ (p > 0.05) among treatments, although the monocyte level of the NO 500 group was considerably lower (p > 0.05) than that of the other groups. Furthermore, dietary NO did not affect serum triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, calcium, phosphorus and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (p > 0.05); however, it linearly decreased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level (p < 0.05). Additionally, serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration decreased (p < 0.05) and heart MDA concentration was lower (p = 0.08) with increasing dietary NO supplementation. After a 3‐hr heat (35°C) challenge, the rectal temperature (RT) reduced (p < 0.05) linearly with increasing NO levels. Dietary NO did not affect liver HSP70 (p > 0.05) gene expression. In conclusion, NO potentially enhanced the ability of chickens to alleviate heat stress. Furthermore, our findings suggest that lipid oxidation inhibition by dietary NO likely mediated the enhanced heat‐stress tolerance of the chickens.